Windows Vista's networking stack also uses several performance optimizations, which allow higher throughput by allowing faster recovery from packet losses, when using a high packet loss environment such as wireless networks. Windows Vista uses the NewReno (RFC2582) algorithm which allows a sender to send more data while retrying in case it receives a partial acknowledgement, which is acknowledgement from the receiver for only a part of data that has been received. It also uses Selective Acknowledgements (SACK) to reduce the amount of data to be retransmitted in case a portion of the data sent was not received correctly, and Forward RTO-Recovery (F-RTO) to prevent unnecessary retransmission of TCP segments when round trip time increases. It also includes Neighbour Unreachability Detection capability in both IPv4 and IPv6, which tracks the accessibility of neighboring nodes. This allows faster error recovery, in case a neighboring node fails. NDIS 6.0 introduced in Windows Vista supports offloading IPv6 traffic and checksum calculations for IPv6, improved manageability, scalability and performance with reduced complexity for NDIS miniports, and simpler models for writing Lightweight Filter Drivers (LWF). LWF drivers are a combination of NDIS intermediate drivers and a miniport driver that eliminate the need to write a separate protocol and miniport and have a bypass mode to examine only selected control and data paths. The TCP/IP stack also provides fail-back support for default gateway changes by periodically attempting to send TCP traffic through a previously detected unavailable gateway. This can provide faster throughput by sending traffic through the primary default gateway on the subnet.
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The HTTP kernel mode driver in Windows Vista, Http.sys has been enhanced to support server-side authentication, logging, IDN hostnames, Event Tracing and better manageability through netsh http and new performance counters. WinINet, the protocol handler for HTTP and FTP handles IPv6 literal addresses, includes support for Gzip and deflate decompression to improve content encoding performance, Internationalized domain names support and Event Tracing. WinHTTP, the client API for server-based applications and services supports IPv6, AutoProxy, HTTP/1.1 chunked transfer encoding, larger data uploads, SSL and client certificates, server and proxy authentication, automatic handling of redirects and keep-alive connections and HTTP/1.0 protocol, including support for keep-alive (persistent) connections and session cookies. Winsock has been updated with new APIs and support for Event Tracing. Winsock Layered Service Provider support has been enhanced with logged installations and removals, a new API for reliably installing LSPs, a command to reliably remove LSPs, facilities to categorize LSPs and to remove most LSPs from the processing path for system critical services and support for Network Diagnostics Framework.
The Windows VistaBluetooth stack is improved with support for more hardware IDs, EDR performance improvements, Adaptive frequency hopping for Wi-Fi co-existence, and Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) protocol support which is needed for audio profiles.[22] The Windows Vista Bluetooth stack supports a kernel mode device driver interface besides the user-mode programming interface, which enables third parties to add support for additional Bluetooth Profiles such as SCO, SDP, and L2CAP. This was lacking in the Windows XP Service Pack 2 built-in Bluetooth stack, which had to be entirely replaced by a third-party stack for additional profile support. It also provides RFCOMM support using sockets besides virtual COM ports.[23] KB942567 called Windows Vista Feature Pack for Wireless adds Bluetooth 2.1+EDR support and remote wake from S3 or S4 support for self-powered Bluetooth modules.[22] This feature pack while initially only available to OEMs, was eventually included in Windows Vista Service Pack 2.
This document provides an overview of the Transport Driver Interface (TDI), TDI drivers, TDI operational model, TDI requests and events and interactions between TDI components for client and server side sockets. The examples are based on the usage of the TDI interface between AFD.sys and TCPIP.sys, two of most heavily used TDI drivers in the system. This document primarily applies to pre-Vista versions of Windows i.e. Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows 2003. Although TDI continues to be supported on Vista and later versions of Windows for backward compatibility, it is on the path to deprecation. So developers are urged to use the new interfaces like WSK and WFP instead of TDI.
Transport Driver Interface (TDI) is a low level kernel mode networking stack interface to access the transport layer functionality in Windows. Transport drivers, like TCPIP.sys, exposed the TDI interface at their upper edge. TDI provides standard methods for protocol addressing, sending and receiving datagrams, writing and reading streams, initiating connections, detecting disconnects and has been supported by Windows since its inception. In Windows, kernel mode access to the TCPIP stack requires programming to TDI APIs, making TDI the the only socket interface in the kernel. TDI is supported by the export driver TDI.sys that primarily provides helper functions for use by TDI drivers.
Registering events with TDI transport drivers alleviates the need for clients to have requests (IRPs) pending with TDI transports at all times, to receive notifications about events.Event callbacks also optimize memory usage for incoming data, since the transport driver can use buffers indicated by underlying network drivers to pass the data directly to TDI clients.TDI Clients can solicit specific TDI event indications by registering event callbacks and callback contexts for a specific address object, using the internal device I/O control request TDI_SET_EVENT_HANDLER. The following table lists all the events that are supported by TDI and indicates which ones are used by AFD.sys and TCPIP.sys :
Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft has made several attempts to remove the support for TDI drivers from the operating system. This would have resulted in all legacy TDI clients and TDI filters becoming non-functional on subsequent versions of Windows. Although industry pressure on Microsoft has prevented this from happening so far, it is bound to happen eventually. Since TDI is on the path of deprecation, the windows networking stack provides new technologies that replace TDI, which developers are encouraged to adopt. Drivers on Vista and later versions of Windows that need to implement TDI client functionality should use the Windows Socket Kernel (WSK) interface and drivers that need to implement TDI filtering functionality should use Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) interface.
Due to the re-architecture of the networking stack in Vista, TDI is no longer the interface that AFD.sys uses to communicate with TCPIP.sys. Instead, AFD.sys uses a new undocumented interface called Transport Layer Network Provider Interface (TLNPI) to communicate with TCPIP.sys. However, in order to support legacy TDI clients and TDI filters, Microsoft provides a new driver called TDX.sys, which internally use TLNPI to communicate with TCPIP.sys. It also creates all the device objects that TCPIP used to create, in order to maintain backward compatibility with legacy TDI drivers. The figure below shows the relationship between the components mentioned above on Vista and later versions of Windows. When Windows detects the presence of TDI filter in the system, all traffic between AFD.sys and TCPIP.sys is automatically routed through the TDX driver. The TDX driver makes use of the TDI API in TDI.sys and uses the Network Module Registrar (NMR) API in NETIO.sys to implement its functionality. TDX is supported on Vista, Server 2008 and Windows 7. TDX handles TDI requests from legacy TDI drivers and maps them to TLNPI calls. 2ff7e9595c
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